FERTILIZE

Fall is the most important time to fertilize cool-season grasses, such as Kentucky bluegrass, fine fescue, and perennial ryegrass. It’s also a great time to fertilize warm-season grasses, such as Bermuda grass, St. Augustine grass, and zoysia grass.

Fall fertilizing helps keep lawns vigorous and healthy where growing seasons are long and reduces the length of a dormant period during which the lawn is an unattractive brown. We recommend two applications—the first soon after Labor Day, the second around the last time you mow for the year.

Choose the right fertilizer: Nitrogen is the nutrient lawns need most, and most lawn fertilizers contain plenty of it. In northern regions, where lawns become dormant, choose a quick-release ammoniacal or urea nitrogen for late fall. In southern and western areas, where lawns grow through the winter, use a controlled-release fertilizer or one that is high in water-insoluble nitrogen. Fertilizer labels include that information as well as the percentage by weight of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), in that order. Apply either kind at the rate of 1 to 1 1/2 pounds of nitrogen per thousand square feet. A 100-pound bag of 20-0-0 fertilizer contains 20 pounds of nitrogen.

ELIMINATE BROAD-LEAF WEEDS

Broad-leaf weeds, such as dandelions, broad-leaf plantain, and ground ivy, can be pulled out by hand anytime. But autumn is when they’re most vulnerable to weed killers.

• For most lawns: If there are too many weeds to deal with by hand, use selective herbicides to control large infestations. Selective herbicides should contain two or more of the following ingredients: 2,4-D, MCPP, MCPA, dicamba, carfentrazone, and triclopyr. Those kill most broadleaf weeds without damaging desirable lawn grasses, but check the label; some can damage warm-season grasses. Selective herbicides are available as ready-to-use sprays, concentrated liquids, and dry granules (usually combined with fertilizer). Caution: Selective herbicides are potentially dangerous to nearby plants as well as to humans and animals, so follow label directions carefully.
• For warm-season grasses: If your lawn includes grasses such as Bermuda grass, buffalo grass, and zoysia grass, use a nonselective herbicide. Wait until the lawn is completely dormant—when it’s brown and appears dead; if you don’t the herbicide could kill the grass.

CONTINUE MOWING

Do it every week or so until grass has stopped growing. For lawns under or near deciduous trees, using your mower’s mulching mode—in which discharge chutes are closed off so that the grass and leaves can be chopped more finely—also allows leaves to decompose on your lawn without being smothering Most newer rotary mowers and lawn tractors have a mulching mode. If yours doesn’t, remove leaves by raking them up for bagging or composting.

SEED OR OVERSEED

Fall and winter are also good times to lay seed so that your lawn gets a head start in the spring.

• For warmer-winter areas: If the soil doesn’t freeze where you live, fall is the best time of year to sow seed for a new lawn, to repair bare spots in an old lawn, or to overseed a dormant summer lawn.
• Where winters are cold: In northern states, where soil freezes, it’s already too late to seed for fall germination. Instead, wait until the soil thaws to sow seed; it will lie dormant until spring. Cover the seeds lightly with straw or mulch to protect them from feeding birds. This works best on level ground, since sloped ground can allow the seeds to wash away before they can germinate.

DETHATCH OR AERATE, OR DO BOTH

Dethatching involves pulling vertically oriented tines through the turf; aerating involves extracting small cores of soil. Both reduce thatch, a layer of dead grass stems and roots (not clippings) that build up faster than they can decompose, accumulating on top of the soil layer and reducing water penetration to the roots.

• When to dethatch or aerate: For cooler areas, do either if there’s at least another month before the first frost. By mid-October, it’s too late in the northern states, but just the right time for lawns in the upper South (or “transition zone”). Caution: Dethatching can damage warm-season grasses, such as St. Austine grass and centipede grass, that spread via surface runners.
• What to use: Hand dethatchers, also called cavex rakes, and foot-powered aerators are suitable for small lawns. Well-stocked nurseries typically offer both.

Powered dethatching machines include power rakes and vertical mowers you can rent (about $60 per day). The blades aren’t firmly attached on power rakes and usually are on vertical mowers. Loosely attached tines are safer, since they can bounce off rocks, sprinkler heads, and stepping-stones without breaking off.

Powered aerators have either curved steel coring tubes mounted on a drum or straight coring tubes on a shaft that pushes them vertically into the soil. As with powered dethatching machines, you can rent aerators for about $60 per day.

TEST THE SOIL

A soil test is the only way to determine the pH and nutrient needs of your lawn. Spread ground-up or dolomitic limestone (granular is easiest to handle) or soil sulfur if the results of a soil test indicate one or the other is needed.

• Getting a soil test: Check the Yellow Pages under “Soil Testing Services” or “Soil Analysis & Testing Laboratories.” They are usually private laboratories. Or check with your nearest university cooperative extension office. Many garden centers also offer soil testing. Expect to pay less than $10 to determine pH only.

WATER YOUR LAWN THOROUGHLY

If rains have been spare recently, apply plenty of water, even if temperatures are cool. Lawns that enter winter stressed from drought are likelier to be damaged by cold weather and emerge weaker in the spring. Watering is especially important in mountainous western regions of the U.S., where dry falls are typically followed by cold winters.

PLANT TREES, SHRUBS, AND VINES

For cooler regions, planting now through the end of October gives most plants a head start in the spring, since roots will grow in still-warm soil long after air temperatures drop. Where winters are mild, the fall planting season extends into winter. Be sure to soak the root ball thoroughly at least weekly if the weather is dry in your area. In the frigid North, apply mulch after the soil freezes to prevent the soil around plants from thawing and refreezing, which can damage tender new roots.

PROTECT PLANTS FROM RODENTS

Keep mice, moles, and other rodents from feeding on the bark of young trees in winter by wrapping a cylinder of 1/2-inch-mesh hardware cloth around the trunk. Leave at least 1 inch between the mesh and trunk, and push the mesh 3 inches into the soil. Plastic wraps that extend 2 feet above the snow line protect the trunk from rabbits. Remove the mesh in spring.

PROTECT TENDER EVERGREENS FROM COLD

Boxwood, holly, and rhododendrons often suffer in winter because their leaves lose moisture, or transpire, on sunny days without replacing it from the soil when it’s frozen.

What to do: Surround these plants with a shelter of burlap or old sheets. Drive three to five narrow stakes around the plant and pull the material taut over them so that it doesn’t rest on leaves or branches; secure in place with staples. The material creates shade and slows wind, both of which serve to reduce transpiration.

Provide additional protection by using an anti-transpirant spray on the foliage after the first hard frost. The spray will dry into a thin film that reduces the moisture lost by transpiration.

WATER

Soak soil around trees and shrubs if rainfall has been light to ensure that plants enter winter fully hydrated.

PRUNING

Late winter through early summer is the time to prune most trees and shrubs. Prune lightly to repair broken or damaged limbs or to minimally shape trees and shrubs.

PLANT BULBS

Fall is the time to plant crocus, daffodils, hyacinths, tulips, and other spring-flowering bulbs throughout most of the country.

• Which to plant when: While you should plant most bulbs by late October, you can plant tulips as late as November and, in the mild-winter West, as late as New Year’s Day. Also plant spring-flowering anemone and ranunculus. Then overplant bulbs with early-flowering perennials, such as basket-of-gold (Aurinia saxatilis) and English primrose (Primula x polyantha).
• How to plant: Plant large bulbs, such as daffodils and tulips, about 8 inches deep, and smaller bulbs, such as crocus, about 5 inches deep. If you’re combining them with other bulbs, figure on two to three daffodil and tulip bulbs (full-size varieties) per square foot. For smaller bulbs, plant three to five per square foot—twice as many for a solid bed of color.. Plant all bulbs with the pointed end up. To get bulbs of the same type to bloom at once, plant them at the same depth.

PLANT GARLIC

You should be able to find superior varieties for your region at local nurseries or in mail-order garden catalogs. Separate individual cloves from the mother bulb and plant them outdoors in good garden soil 1 to 2 inches deep and about 4 inches apart.

PLANT COOL-SEASON ANNUALS

Where mild winters permit, these include plants such as cabbage, kale, pansies, primroses, and violas. In southern and coastal regions, many annuals can begin blooming by mid-December and continue until spring. Planting later will probably sacrifice winter bloom but should still provide flowers earlier in spring.

PROTECT ROSES

Most modern hybrid roses (hybrid teas, floribunda, and grandifloras) are damaged by temperatures below 10 F or so. If those temperatures are common where you live, mound soil over the plant’s central crown or bud, called the bud union (this node at the base of the plant is the spot from which new canes emerge). Also wrap stems with a wire or mesh cylinder filled with a light mulch such as composted bark.

MULCH

In cold-winter areas, mulch after a hard freeze. Spread 2 to 3 inches of compost, composted cedar, pine, or fir bark, weed-free straw, or similar material.

CUT BACK AND DIVIDE PERENNIALS

Cut back dead leaves and stems of perennials. In the mild-winter South and West, fill in the empty space with cool-season annuals such as forget-me-not, sweet alyssum, and violas. Leave those with attractive, dried stems for winter interest. Divide some perennials, including Oriental poppies, peonies, and Siberian irises, if they’re overcrowded and if there is still usually about a month until the hard frost.

How to divide: Lift the root entire root mass, then use a spading fork or small shovel to separate individual clumps. Cut back any remaining leaves to a length of 2 or 3 inches. Replant the most vigorous clumps, and discard those that are weak or diseased.

DIG AND STORE SUMMER BULBS

In northern areas, dig and store tender bulbs such as tuberous begonias, dahlias, and gladiolus.

What to do: Once begonia leaves dry and fade, lift the tuber, shake off soil, and store in a cool place. To store dahlias, dig up the sweet-potato-like tuberous root and cut off stems about 4 inches above them after the first frost. Shake off loose soil and allow to dry in the sun for most of a day. Store in dry sawdust or peat moss in a cool location. Dry gladiolus corms in a well-ventilated, cool, and dark location for three weeks before storing.

If you use selective herbicides on your lawn, it’s important to ensure that weeds, not desirable plants, receive the right dose at the right time. Herbicides can reach the wrong plant in a number of ways, most obviously by misdirected spray. Wind can also carry droplets to nearby plants, and sunlight can actually cause volatile products to drift about on warm days.

No matter the chemical you’re using, review and follow all label directions and cautions. Here are some usage tips for specific types of herbicides:

“WEED-AND-FEED,” OR GRANULAR, HERBICIDES

These herbicides are intended to be used only with a drop spreader.

• Before application, determine the correct setting by calibrating your spreader. Never apply granular herbicides with broadcast-type spreaders.
• Use granular herbicides if susceptible weeds are distributed throughout your lawn; avoid applying herbicide where there are no weeds.
• Apply only when the lawn is wet, such as by dew in the early morning. The moisture is necessary to activate the herbicide. After application, don’t water for at least 24 hours (postpone application if rain is likely within 24 hours). Apply when air temperatures are between 60 and 90 F.
• Wear gloves, eye protection, long sleeves, and any other items noted on the label. Afterward, wash clothes in a separate load.

CONCENTRATED LIQUID SPRAYS

These products are designed to use in both hose-end and tank-type sprayers, but we strongly recommend the latter for their more accurate dilution and application.

• Double-check dilution rate and units used: “Tbs.” is the abbreviation for tablespoons, “tsp.,” teaspoons. There are 3 teaspoons in 1 tablespoon, and 2 tablespoons in 1 fluid ounce.
• Do not spray over exposed roots or leaves of nearby trees or other desirable plants, and avoid spray drift by applying only on calm, dry days when temperatures are between 55° and 90 F. Do not apply when rain is expected within six hours.
• Follow precaution directions on the label. You may have to wear water-impermeable gloves as well as long sleeves, rubber boots, and eye protection. After spraying, change clothes and wash the used ones in a separate load.

HERBICIDE TYPES

Herbicides are classified according to their use or mode of action:

Non-selective herbicides like Roundup kill all kinds of plants.

Selective herbicides like Ortho Weed-B-Gon Max Weed Killer for Lawns Concentrate kill some plants but not others, when applied as directed. In lawns, selective herbicides kill types of plants that botanists call dicots. These have branching veins in variously shaped leaves and include many common lawn weeds. Monocots, which have parallel veins in typically narrow leaves, include most grasses.

Post-emergent herbicides such as Roundup and Weed-B-Gon kill growing weeds and may be either selective or not.

Pre-emergent herbicides prevent some weed seeds from even germinating. They are typically used in lawns in early spring to prevent crabgrass. Most often these herbicides are combined with a fertilizer, as in Scotts Turf Builder Halts Crabgrass Preventer.

Often you’ll see an application rate on bags of fertilizer—10 pounds per 1,000 square feet, for example. To ensure proper application, you need to determine how much fertilizer your drop spreader lays down. (If your model of spreader is listed on the fertilizer bag, use that setting.)

Fill the spreader with fertilizer, set the opening to the number indicated on the bag (different spreaders have different settings), and then operate it over 50 feet. You’ll need to collect the fertilizer, so either attach a collection pan under the spreader or run it over a tarp.

Collect the distributed fertilizer and weigh it.

Calculate the square footage covered by multiplying the actual width the holes cover on the spreader (in feet) by 50.

To calculate how much your spreader drops, divide the area covered by the weight collected. A spreader that drops half a pound over 50 square feet, for example, would have an application rate of 1 pound per 100 square feet or 10 pounds per 1,000 square feet. If that is the amount intended, you’ve confirmed that your spreader is accurate. If not, adjust the setting on the dial up or down and repeat until the amount delivered matches the amount recommended.